EUGENICS

What is eugenics?
Eugenics is the theory that birth should be controlled to makea more perfect child. Improving the populations’ genes and this can cause a drop in birth rate.


What were the social origins of eugenics?
The social origins of eugenics started right after the civil war period.  Major things were changing in the U.S.  Industry was becoming bigger, this causing most country people to move to the big city were the jobs could be found.  Bankruptcies became a bigger issue during the time, this is when the idea of "survival of the fittest" came about.  This idea was thrown out because the wealthy stated having a declined birth rate, while the poor people's birth rate was rising rapidly.  This is when the whole idea of eurgenics came around.  Genetics seemed to prove the cause of peoples social problems.  Eugenics argued that by stopping the "unperfect people" from having a baby could save the country thousands and make the future people perfect. 


What research methods were used in eugenics, and what were their flaws?
The start of research on eurgenics was from Mendel's research paper in 1865 on the peas.  Mendel stated that with each visible gene, one had come from the mother and one from the father.  That genes are either domanate or recessive.  A recessive trait is only seen when two recessive taits join together.  If there is a domanite trait no matter what it is the one to show up.  The scientist studing eugenics forcused on two main things, 1.finding large families that would show the traits, and 2. "scoring" each family member to see the existance or absence of a tait.  One of the flaws with this was that the scoring was hard because the tried to get into to complex traits.  The scientist were to quick to put the trait in one of Mendel's templates.


How did eugenics reseach impact American society today.
Eugenics has ipmacted America dramaticly.  It has givin us a thought that we need to be perfect.  We all have that one person in mind that we wish to be like, or look like.  When really no one is perfect.  There are traits in that person that are not noticable that we may no wish oppon ourselves to have.  There are a few cases were eugenics can be right.  I believe that we could use it to control the amout of kids haven by someone that is on disability or wellfare.  My reasoning for this is, I know many peope who use the extra money for each kid for themselves.  They abuse the system, and cheat through it.  They are perfectly fine to find a job but choose not to because they think they can make it with others money.  So we should set a sertain amount of kids that they are able to have, in order to keep the money givin down.


All of my reaseach was found at http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/eugenics/list2.pl

Making a Baby

   In our science class we learned about the different possibilities of baby genes.  Now a days people have many ways of being able to have kids.  This may seem weird, but now you can shop for your baby.  You can make him look just how you want.  This is possible by looking of the father and mothers genes.  What is dominate or recessive.  In the chart below it shows how the traits mix up, and what it will look like on the baby.  I had a computer wife to make a baby and through a picture, I was able to see the possibilities of what our baby could come out like.  This is not 100% because we don't always no for sure if we are pure genes or if we have a recessive trait stuck to the dominate trait.  These traits can later show up.

Trait	Parent 1′s Genotype	Parent 2′s Genotype	Baby’s Genotype	Baby’s Phenotype
Gender	XX	XY	XX	girl
Mole	mm	mm	mm	no mole
Eyebrow texture	kk	KK	Kk	bushy eyebrows
Eye Shape	OO	oo	Oo	oval eyes
Earlobes	ll	Ll	ll	attached
Cheek freckles	ff	ff	ff	no freckles
Cheek dimples	DD	DD	DD	dimples
Chin dimple	Pp	pp	pp	no chin dimple
Chin shape	Zz	ZZ	ZZ	round chin
Mouth shape	Cc	Cc	cc	straight
Hairline	qq	qq	qq	no widows peak
Face shape	AA	Aa	AA	round
Mose size	nn	nn	nn	small nose
Lip size	Gg	GG	GG	big lips
Hair curliness	Hh	nn	hh	straight hair
Eye separation	LL	Li	Li	medium set eyes
Eyelash length	JJ	JJ	JJ	long eyelashes
Hair color	RrSs	RrSS	sSrr	lightbrown hair
Eye color	TtUU	TTUU	TTUU	dark brown
Skin color	wWw	Www	ww	white

Eyebrow Size

ee

ee

ee

don’t meet

Eyebrow shape

Bb

Bb

BB

arched eybrows

stem cells

Here is a prezi on my stem cells.

Prostate Cancer

The prostate gland is an organ that is located at the base or outlet of the urinary bladder.  The urethra is the passage through which urine drains from the bladder to leave the penis.  The main function of the prostate gland is to produce some of the substances that are found in normal semen.  In a young man, the normal prostate gland is the size of a walnut (<30g).

What is prostate cancer?

Prostate cancer is a cancerous tumor that consists of cells from the prostate gland.  Generally, the tumor usually grows slowly and remains confined to the gland for many years. During this time, the tumor produces little or no symptoms or outward signs.  

Symptoms

The PSA blood test is often done to screen men for prostate cancer. Because of PSA testing, most prostate cancers are now found before they cause any symptoms.

The symptoms listed below can occur with prostate cancer, usually at a late stage. These symptoms can also be caused by other prostate problems:

• Delayed or slowed start of urinary stream
• Dribbling or leakage of urine, most often after urinating
• Slow urinary stream
• Straining when urinating, or not being able to empty out all of the urine
• Blood in the urine or semen
• Bone pain or tenderness, most often in the lower back and pelvic bones (only when the cancer has spread)

Signs and tests

A biopsy is needed to tell if you have prostate cancer. A sample of tissue is removed from the prostate and sent to a lab.

Your doctor may recommend a prostate biopsy if:

• You have high PSA level
• A rectal exam shows a large prostate or a hard, uneven surface

The results are reported using what is called a Gleason grade and a Gleason score.

The Gleason grade tells you how fast the cancer might spread. It grades tumors on a scale of 1 - 5. You may have different grades of cancer in one biopsy sample. The two main grades are added together. This gives you the Gleason score. The higher your Gleason score, the more likely the cancer is to have spread past the prostate:

• Scores 2 - 5: Low-grade prostate cancer
• Scores 6 - 7: Intermediate- (or in the middle-) grade cancer. Most prostate cancers fall into this group.
• Scores 8 - 10: High-grade cancer

The following tests may be done to determine whether the cancer has spread:

• CT scan
• Bone scan

The PSA blood test will also be used to monitor your cancer after treatment. Often, PSA levels will begin to rise before there are any symptoms. An abnormal digital rectal exam may be the only sign of prostate cancer (even if the PSA is normal).

Onion Root lab

Intro

  What is mitosis?  Mitosis is nuclear division and produces two identical daughter cells during the 5 major steps interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.  

Phases

Interphase: Cells may appear inactive during this stage, but they are quite the opposite. This is the longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates, the centrioles divide, and proteins are actively produced.

Prophase:  During this first mitotic stage, the nucleolus fades and condenses into chromosomes.  Each replicated chromosome comprises two chromatids, both with the same genetic information.

metaphase:    Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one plane at the center of the cell.

anaphase:     Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one plane at the center of the cell.

Telophase:    The daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the spindle fibers that have pulled them apart disappear.

This is the results on the lab that we did.   We got one onion root and put it under the microscope, and started to count the different types of phases.  It came out similar to the percents that we found online.  So I would say it came out pretty accurate.  It was an interesting lab because it came out so clear on the different stages.  The phases looked just as they did in the pictures of examples.  

PKU

Questions

1. What enzyme is most commonly defective in people with phenylketonuria?

PKU occurs when a person inherits a genetic mutation that disrupts the function of a crucial metabolic enzyme (PAH.) 

2. What reaction does this enzyme catalyze? (What is the substrate and what product is produced?)

This is an example of how a block occurs.  This causes a build up of PHe due to the lack of tyrosine.

3. Describe the symptoms of phenylketonuria.

• Delayed mental and social skills
• Head size significantly below normal
• Hyperactivity
• Jerking movements of the arms or legs
• Mental retardation
• Seizures
• Skin rashes
• Tremors
• Unusual positioning of hands

4. What causes the symptoms of PKU, the lack of a substance or the buildup of one?

It is the build up of substances. These substances are harmful to the central nervous system and cause brain damage.

5. How common is phenylketonuria? How is it treated?
 1 in 10000 have it, it is mainly found in Caucasians and east Asains.  It is hardly ever found in African Americans.  Treatment involves a diet that is extremely low in phenylalanine, particularly when the child is growing. 

Lactose intolerant research project

Here is the link where I found my information.

First we will start out with, what dose it mean. Or what is lactose intolerant?
Lactose intolerant is basically an intolerance to the sugar lactose.  Lactose sugar is found in milk and other milk products.  It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme lactose.  Which is produced by cells in the smaller intestine.  These enzymes break lactose sugars down into simpler sugars like glucose.  A lot of people that are lactose intolerant, can stand to have some in there diet.

What causes lactose intolerance?
It starts to develop after the age of two.  Then the body starts to produce less lactose.  Most kids who are lactose intolerant, don't get the symptoms of it until a later age of adult hood.  Some people inherit this from there parents genes.  It can also be caused by damage to the small intestine.  Some illness's and other things can effect the way that your intestine works.

What are the symptoms of lactose intolerance?
The symptoms can last for 30 mins to 2 hours, of pains anywhere form mild to sever after drinking or eating a lactose product.

Common symptoms included

*abdominal pain
*abdominal bloating
*gas
*diarrhea
*nausea

How is lactose intolerance managed?
A big factor to managing this is a diet.  People with this intolerance can stand some milk products, but it has to be gradual.  It also helps to digest it with some food.  This all helps to limit the symptoms, and can help eliminate them.  There is no way of getting rid of it, just ways of being wary of it.  This diet has to be figured out by the person, because it acts different for everyone.  Such as some people can drink a small glass of milk and have symptoms even up to sever.  While others can drink a large glass and be just fine.  It just depends on who you are and how your body can digest the amount of lactose you consume.